Identical twins - one egg + 1 sperm that splits into two after fertilization aka clones. This happens randomly in the population.
Fraternal twin - Two different eggs + 2 different sperm from daddy. They are siblings that happen to share a uterus. This genetic in some families.
Semi-identical twins - One egg + 2 sperm. The egg splits before it is fertilized. The genetically identical eggs are fertilized by different sperm. Freaky huh…
They detected allozymes (differences in proteins) by electrophoresis in the 1970’s.
This could tell the difference between species and maybe if they were lucky large family groups. It wasn’t as exact as using DNA.
That sounds like a marker file. It’s a bit different than a sequence file.
Molecular markers are linked to specific sequences in the DNA. These markers are generally close by or in the gene of interest. All the extra columns described its characteristics and results. Anyplace in the entire genome where there is one nucleotide difference (polymorphic) can be another marker. There’s millions of these and they add up to massive files.
A sequence file is basically just a long boring sequence of nucleotides and are not that large. Now some of the files you use to generate the sequence. Let’s just say they had to wait almost 20 years for computers to get fast enough to process those files in a reasonable time. Those make the marker files look like childs play.
DNA sample of identical twin doesn’t work. It is identical. They started as one individual and split into two.
The only way to tell them apart is if one of the brother has a distinguishable difference in scars, dentistry, etc.
Ukraine hit them before but it was mostly strategic strikes that temporarily knocked out the facility with relatively small drones.
This year Ukraine is demolishing them. Multiple powerful hits that are taking out large amount do the infrastructure like Perm or Tuapse.
Russia’s air defense were mostly developed for the cold war type of air power.
Ukraine has had to develop air defense in the active drone war.
It’s a huge difference is focus, economy, and depth.
Agriculture in the U.S. is in a deep recession right now. Farmers are going out of business left and right due to disruptions in international trade caused by the orange moron.
Globally farmers are doing much better by taking advantage of the U.S. shooting themselves repeatedly in the foot.
As for fertilizer shortages, most of the northern hemisphere had already stocked up on supply over the winter in preparation for spring planting. So the effect there will be minimal.
The effects will be felt first in the tropical/sub-tropical regions as they rely on a more constant supply to match their planting seasons.
Next year is fucked globally however. The southern hemisphere will get it first starting in September This will send prices soaring during the northern hemisphere winter pricing/contacting.
Growers will cut back on fertilizer purchases initially but still do okay as speculation of lower yeilds will spike commodity prices. The spike in prices will hit consumers a little bit over the winter and really get going in spring 2027.
At 30k per month, it’s around 200k by the end of the year So around 1.5-1.6 million casualties by December.
That’s also when it hits around 1% of the Russian population is a casualty of this war. Combined with a below replacement birthrate and Russian population is experiencing negative population growth.
There is another a fundamental conceptual flaw in these studies.
Nutrient density in grains generally decreases as kernal size increases. This is due to the ratio of starch storage versus other nutrients. Elevated CO2 levels trigger more starch formation and larger kernal size in C3 plants. This is what all these studies are detecting (if they find anything).
There is a wide variation of genetically controlled kernal size found in all C3 grains. For example healthy wheat can be anywhere from 6,000 kernals/lb to 20,000 kernals/lb. Environmental conditions can also change kernal size by more than 40% for any cultivar.
What happens when a cultivar produces extra large kernals due to environmental conditions? The stalk falls over AKA lodging. Lodging decreases overall yield (molds, shriveled kernals, harvesting equipment loss etc.). Any variety that consistent lodges is discarded by growers. So rising CO2 levels will be compensated for by farmers planting smaller kernal sized cultivars.
Then there is the “quality” issues. Larger kernals sizes are often deficient in critical traits for their end use (protein, etc). This makes these varieties the lowest grade (cheapest price) and growers move away from them rapidly.
Well every so often something was likely wiggling around on it.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0031182015001651
For most people, transplanting cucumbers is a waste of time. Reason: you generally don’t make the harvest any earlier than direct seeding. Cucumbers are finicky to transplant and it’s generally isn’t worth it unless you are geowinf them in a greenhouse and know what you are doing. Commercially almost 100% of open field production is direct seeded (100% of greenhouse production is transplanted).
If it is warm enough outside, transplant them immediately. Don’t worry about thinning them, give them a little bit more space per hill and they will do fine. Make sure to do it in the evening and water them well.
A landlord is almost always making money even if they are just “breaking even” on the mortgage.
If the landlord is still paying for a mortgage, the profit goes into their equity gain.
Once the mortgage is paid off, the profit goes into the landlords pocket.
This is how many people get started being parasites on society. They have other people pay the bank while they gain the assets of their labor.
It’s winding down because Putin is considering pleading for peace soon. Ukraines infrastructure hits are getting more and more costly.
Putin needs 5 or 6 years to rebuild his arsenal for his next invasion. Unless he loses and is deposed, any peace treaty is just a delay to recover until the next attack.
Yes I read the article which is why I am referring to the extension agents who don’t understand farming disturbed soils as morons. It’s only one of the most research subjects around.
"None of us had ever seen anything like this before or responded to an emergency like that,” said Stephanie Kulesza, a nutrient and soil scientist at North Carolina State University. “And so we weren’t really prepared for recommendations to provide to producers.”
Floods happen around the world all the time. They are getting more severe as time goes on. The methods of how repair to disturbed soils are well established: Add in organic matter, balance out the nutrition/pH, and encourage microbial activity. The extension agent needs to read a a few papers.
FYI all that adding in manure and compost does is speed up the recovery process by 10-20 years. You know little things.
Checks out… They are all a bunch of morons in Appalachia.
What to do after soil is disturbed:
1: Organic matter based fertilizers like compost or manure are the first thing you add. Do a full variable soil sampling procedure to determine the needs of the soil. Sample at 1m, 0.5m snd 0.25m. Apply micros based upon the test results.
2: Apply gypsum or lime to stabilize the pH.
4: After terminating the first cover crop, seed in another cover crop with high C-N ratio like sorghum/sudan.
Repeat steps 1-4 until soil samples indicate nutrient levels are stabllized and rebuilt.
Finish by seeding a biogumigant oriental mustard or arugula cover crop with high glucosinolates.
Then plant your crop be sure to add in some humic acids. Be prepared for bumper crops for 3-4 years.
What this process does:
Manure + compost = triggers a burst of microbial activity in the soil plus adds nutrients.
Micronutrients= you are always going to be missing something using compost and manure. adding in some micros based upon testing will help spike the plant growth and microbial growth as well.
Gypsum or lime = makes the nutrients available by balancing the pH.
Deep rooted cover crop- creates pores in the soil for water and air to move. Feeds the microbial community.
Legume - in nature these are early establishers after a fire or flood etc. They produce the most N when in stressful nutrient deficient conditions. They also tend to have fibrous small roots ideal for pore formation.
High C:N ratio cover crop. These build the holding capacity of the soil for nutrients. Prevents leaching of N and P between rotations.
Biofumigation: One of the side effects of dumping organic matter in to the soil is the build up of some pathogenic species (pythium, phytophera, etc). Knocking them down with biofumigation will give the new planting a chance to establish.
Humic acids- holds nutrients in an available state in the soil.
In April Ukraine reportedly destroyed the most artillery in a month of the entire war (1,875). May is continuing at the same rate.
The scaling on the lower leaves is potassium deficiency. No fungal infection there.
It’s a combination of nutrient deficiencies. The most significant one is nitrogen. The scaling on the lower leaves is potassium .
Give it a shot of fertilizer and the growth will perk right up.
FYI that’s close to a perfect sized plant for a commercial operation using a mechanical transplanter. They like to transplant them slightly nutrient deficient so that the plants are small and stocky. They survive the transplant process better. Then as soon as they hit the soil with a bit of starter fertilizer they root out quickly and start growing.
Sf has a low level of efficacy. These nematodes are very good at preventing infestation and should be used sparingly. However they are pretty shit at controlling an infestation once it becomes established. It’s a numbers game. S. feltiae and other endoparasitic nematodes don’t reproduce fast enough to keep up.
Bti is a much better control mechanism for fungus gnats once they are established.
Been there, done that, three times.
It’s not fun.
The last time I used my severance plus a special program in unemployment to start my own business. It’s amazing how much more money you can make when you keep 100% of the revenue from your efforts.